Tarnish is caused by hydrogen sulfide and sulphur dioxide
Tarnish causing accelerants:
- fabrics containing wool or felt
- foods containing citrus, eggs, mayonaise (has eggs as an ingredient), or onions
- high humidity levels
- latex gloves
- oil on fingers
- paints containing oil (latex paint is ok-ish, just make sure the item is painted (and dried) at least 4 months prior to silver storage)
- petroleum based storage items, including items such as carpet padding
- rubber bands
cleaning / polishing for both silver and silver-plate
NOTE: never over clean or over polish silver-plate - else you risk "cleaning" silver-plate down to bare metal, at which point it will have to be restored by a restoration specialist
Cleaning:
- never wash any silver article in the dishwasher
- never wash any silver article with dish soap containing lemon
- before washing silver remove loose dust (can scratch silver) with a soft clean cotton cloth
- hand-wash (remember: never dishwasher) silver with warm water and a gentle lemon-free, phosphate-free dish soap, such as Dawn
- avoid contact with other metals that can scratch such as setting silver in a stainless steel sink (wash in a plastic dishpan or place a dishtowel at the bottom of the sink)
- if wearing dishwash gloves use (cheap) plastic NOT latex
- after washing rinse in clean water then dry immediately with a lint-free soft cloth
- after drying thoroughly store silver in a Silvercloth bag
- salt / black corrosion on salt shakers may be removed by:
- first, never store salt in the shaker - remove salt, clean and dry the salt shaker
- to remove the corrosion, (and working in a well-ventilated area - pew!!!) pour some ammonia into a plastic container (like a Ziploc/Rubbermaid container), place the salt shaker in the container, then cover and let it soak for about ten minutes - remove from container - clean, dry and store.
- after first soak, if black corrosion spots still remain, place shaker back in container and let soak for another 10-20 minutes - if corrosion stil exists, you'll need to have the shaker professionaly restored
Prevention is the best:
- it's best to WASH the silver on a regular basis with a NON-lemon based dishsoap (try using Dawn), rather than a 1x per year heavy duty polishing, as polish agents are an abrasive
- tarnish is easiest to remove when it's a yellowish tint, and becomes increasingly harder to remove as it turns to a light brown color, and eventually turns to a black color
- early tarnish (the yellow tint) is more easily detectable if the silver is placed up against a white piece of paper -- the yellow tint will show up
- try cleaning several times per year with either Windex (with vinegar), or try a hand sanitizer such as Purell, on a soft cotton cloth
- turn or replace the cloth often (the tarnish itselft (black stuff on the cloth) can be abrasive)
- dry thoroughly with a dry cotton cloth
- immediately place in tarnish preventing silvercloth
Polishing:
- silver cleaning brands to try:
... least abrasive: 3M's Tarni-Shield Silver Polish, Blitz Silver Care Polish, Twinkle Silver Polish, and Weiman Silver Polish
... more abrasive: Goddard’s Long Shine Silver Polish, Goddard’s Silver Foam, Hagerty's, Wright's Anti-Tarnish Silver Polish, or Wright’s Silver Cream.
- silver products that provide tarnish proTECTion:
... Blitz, Goddard’s Long Shine, Tarni-Shield, Twinkle, Wright’s Anti-Tarnish, and Weiman.
- never use toothpaste – much too abrasive
- never use chemical dips such as Tarn-X - leave that to the professionals (too caustic)
Two different polishing applications found online (anyone know the correct one?) --
- apply polish gently in small circular motion (via cotton cloth or Q-tips for hard to reach)
- apply polish gently in a straight, back and forth motion (via cotton cloth or Q-tips for hard to reach)
- use a soft lint-free cotton cloth (not polyester / synthetic - can cause minUTE scratches)
- this should be obvious, but never use scouring pads or steel wool on silver
- if the silver polish is dryish/looks chunky, throw it out and buy new polish
- or if the product is dried-out, replace it with new product
- rinse the silver item first, to remove any dust or dirt particles, which can cause scratches
- don't overpolish! just because the cloth continues to blacken - just polish to the point that it's shiny
- clean / polish the inside of tea/coffee pot spouts with a Q-tip saturated with a silver cleaning polish (such as Wrights), or if the opening is large enough, try using a sponge and a slender wooden dowel dipped in the cleaner - then rinse thoroughly
- if there are still stains in the spout/inside, try cleaning the inside via the effervescing action of a denture tablet (use 1 tablet per 2 cups warm water - may need about 4 tablets/8 cups water to reach up to the tip of the spout - let stand and "bubble" for 10 minutes or so - then rinse out thoroughly - the denture tablet / effervescent action may be enough to loosen stains - you can then try cleaning again with the Wrights polishing method)
* NOTE!
- if after polishing you see a purple stain, do not continue to polish! This is actualy what is called "firestain" (oxidized copper) - found on most pre-colonial through early twentieth century silver pieces, and shows up after many years of polishing down past the super thin layer of silver to the bare metal / copper - at this point, you need to have the piece restored by a restoration silversmith
Displaying:
- when open display of silver is desired, try applying a micro-crystalline wax such as Renaissance
- or try placing the silver on anti-tarnish paper such as 3M Anti-Tarnish Strips, which can guard (although not completely protect) against tarnish by absorbing much of the airborne gases (the strips contain charcoal)
- or you could try silica gel (in an airtight display case) which absorbs excess humidity, thereby helping to significantly reduce tarnishing (reactivate saturated silica gel by re-drying in an oven)
Storing:
- never store salt in the salt shaker - too caustic - remove the salt and thoroughly clean the salt shaker before storing
- never use newspaper (can discolor), cardboard boxes (can release tarnish producing acids), or plastic wrap (emits tarnishing gases)
- store silver in a low humidity area and/or use products that absorb moisture
- never use rubber bands to hold silverware
- after silver is cleaned and polished, store them - completely enclosed - in bags specifically made for silver ("silvercloth")
Some notes on silvercloth:
- some brands to try: Pacific Silvercloth, Kenized SilverShield flannel
- silvercloth works by attracting the tarnish gases (sulfide/dioxide) to the cloth (via tiny particles of embedded silver) before the gases reach the inside of the bag where your silver is stored
- never wash silvercloth (you'll end up "washing out" it's ability to prevent tarnish)
- silvercloth may discolor (the tarnish/gas is gathering on the silvercloth), but it's still fine to use as long as there are no holes (letting in the gases)
Removing Wax From Candle Holders
- use only dripless candles to reduce cleaning frustration
- place the candle holder in the freezer, then using your fingernail carefully peel off the wax.
- remove leftover residue with silver polish or try using some isopropyl alcohol (91%) on a cotton ball
References:
Evaluation of Silver—Cleaning Products" by Lyndsie S. Selwyn and Charles G. Costain, Journal of the International Institute for Conservation—Canadian Group, volume 16, 1991, pp. 3-16.
Historical Silver: Storage, Display and Tarnish Removal" by Lyndsie S. Selwyn, Journal of the International Institute for Conservation—Canadian Group, volume 15, 1990, pp. 12-22.
Jeffery Herman, Silver Restoration & Conservation at http://www.hermansilver.com/care.htm
Silver-Care and Tarnish Removal," CCI Notes No. 9/7 (Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute, 1993)
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
Saturday, November 26, 2011
Thursday, November 10, 2011
Union Pacific . 1945 "Your America" series of Western illustrations by artist Kenneth Willmarth, Sr.
Artist Kenneth Willmarth, Sr. did a series in 1945 ish for the "Your America" / western states series
California
Colorado
Idaho
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
more (will edit as I find them)
~~~~~~~~~~
California:
"... The gold in the earth lured the Forty Niners to California. Today, the golden sunshine ... "
closeup:
another closeup and signature, lower right corner - can barely make out the signature "Willmarth"
closeup of the words in the ad:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Colorado
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Idaho
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Kansas
~~~~~~~
Montana:
"... The rails of Union Pacific the strategic middle route ...
artist signature is in the lower right corner
closeup of words in the ad:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Nebraska
~~~~~~~
Utah
"... All America is, today, particularly thankful that Utah was endowed with fertile soil ... "
~~~~~~~~
Washington:
artist name in lower right corner "Willmarth"
which is Kenneth Willmarth, Sr artwork
~~~~~~~~~
Wyoming:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
some info on some of Kenneth Willmarth, Sr's artwork displayed is at the following website (go about 1/3 down .pdf page )
http://www.joslyn.org/Post/sections/167/Files/Joslyn%20Art%20Museum%202005%20Annual%20Report.pdf
" ... works by Kenneth Willmarth, Sr. and Kenneth
Willmarth, Jr. lent:
Four illustrations from a 1946-47 Union Pacific Railroad
advertising campaign titled Your America, Gift of the Union
Pacific Railroad (1947.439.2, .6, .7 and .9)
..."
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Another great site, FULL of information is at:
http://utahrails.net/up/up-timeline-1864-1880.php
"... Union Pacific Timeline, 1864-1880
Compiled by Don Strack
This page was last updated on April 21, 2011.
(This is a work in progress; research continues.)
Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad (UP) operated all UP lines in Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming, and into Ogden in northern Utah. UP was incorporated in July 1897 as a reorganization of Union Pacific Railway, which was in receivership since 1893. Union Pacific Railway (UPRy) had been incorporated in January 1880 as a consolidation of the original Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR) (chartered-in-1862), the Kansas Pacific Railway, and the Denver Pacific Railway & Telegraph Co. Union Pacific connected with Central Pacific in May 1869 at Promontory, Utah. UP lines in Kansas and Colorado were purchased from predecessor companies.
(click here to return to the Union Pacific Corporate History page)
Timeline
July 1, 1862 — Union Pacific Railroad was incorporated by an act of the U. S. Congress.
September 2, 1862 — The "Board of Commissioners of the Union Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company" met in Chicago to organize the company and choose its officers.
October 30, 1863 — The company was formally organized in New York City at the first meeting of its Board of Directors and officers.
December 12, 1863 — Ground was broken at Omaha, Nebraska Territory.
March 1864 — Grading started at Omaha.
July 2, 1864 — Limits of the company changed by an amendment to the original act.
August 1864 — Herbert M. Hoxie was awarded the first construction contract; numerous delays due to incompetence, corruption and lack of funds.
September 1864 — Without construction having begun, the first five UPRR locomotives were delivered in August and September 1864; two were sold by the end of 1864 as surplus; the remaining three were sold to the construction contractor and re-purchased in 1867 at an inflated price as part of the Credit Mobilier scandal.
July 10, 1865 — First rail was laid, at Omaha. (Klein, page 65)
Mid July 1865 — The first locomotive was operated on Union Pacific. (Condensed History of the Construction of the Union Pacific Railway, by Joseph Nichols, 1892, pages 81-82; Google Books)
(Research in Omaha newspapers will better indentify the first day of operation.)
September 1865 — A newspaper item dated September 22, 1865 showed that there were four locomotives being used by Union Pacific, along with "30 platform cars, 4 or 5 box freight cars, several passenger cars,..." (The Illustrated History of Nebraska, 1906, page 107, Google Books)
November 18, 1865 — One hundred miles graded and 28 miles of rail laid. (Klein, page 70)
December 31, 1865 — Construction was completed to Fremont, Nebraska.
January 27, 1866 — The construction bonds for the first 40 miles were issued by the government, allowing UPRR to sell the bonds to private investors.
February 1866 — To speed construction G. M. Dodge was named Chief Engineer and the Casement Brothers were named as tracklaying contractor.
June 2, 1866 — Construction was completed to Columbus, Nebraska.
July 8, 1866 — Construction was completed to Grand Island, Nebraska Territory. (Condensed History of the Construction of the Union Pacific Railway, by Joseph Nichols, 1892, page 121; Google Books)
October 5, 1866 — Construction was completed to the 100th Meridian; a sign was erected at what was known as the symbolic beginning of the West by stating "100th MERIDIAN. 247 MILES FROM OMAHA"; the site is just west of today's Cozad, Nebraska, a town on U. S. Highway 30 and a station on the Union Pacific, as well as being a stop on the Pony Express.
(Cozad was shown as milepost 238.2 in 1948; the 1981 Union Pacific track profile shows the 100th Meridian at milepost 238.29)
December 3, 1866 — Construction was completed 49 miles from the 100th Meridan to North Platte, Nebraska Territory (shown as milepost 284.1 in 1948); an additional 14 miles was completed to O'Fallons by year's end.
1866 — A total of nine locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1866; six as named locomotives in March through August, and three as numbered locomotives in August through October
1867 — A total of 37 locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1867.
1868 — A total of 75 locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1868.
1869 — A total of 22 locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1869.
April 1867 to May 1869 — Union Pacific construction and tracklaying crews completed 800 miles of track across Nebraska, Wyoming and Utah.
1867-1869 Construction Milestones
April 1, 1867 — Construction resumed west from O'Fallons, Nebraska (Nebraska Territory became the State of Nebraska on March 1, 1867).
May 24, 1867 — Construction was completed to Ogallala, Nebraska.
June 24, 1867 — Construction was completed to Juleburg, Colorado.
August 29, 1867 — Construction was completed to Kimball, Nebraska.
November 18, 1867 — Construction was completed to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory (shown as milepost 509.5 in 1948)
April 5, 1868 — Construction was completed to Sherman Summit, Wyoming Territory.
June 7, 1868 — Construction was completed to Laramie, Wyoming Territory.
July 21, 1868 — Construction was completed to Fort Steele, Wyoming Territory.
September 18, 1868 — Construction was completed to Point of Rocks, Wyoming, Territory.
October 1, 1868 — Construction was completed to Green River, Wyoming Territory.
October 20, 1868 — Construction was completed to Granger, Wyoming Territory.
December 4, 1868 — Construction was completed to Evanston, Wyoming Territory.
December 10, 1868 — Construction was completed to Wahsatch, Utah Territory.
January 15, 1869 — Construction was completed to Echo City, Utah Territory.
January 21, 1869 — Construction was completed to Tunnels 3 and 4 in Weber Canyon; a temporary track was laid around tunnel 4 until its completion in April.
February 21, 1869 — Construction was completed to Devil's Gate, Utah Territory.
March 8, 1869 — Construction was completed to Ogden, Utah Territory.
March 27, 1869 — Construction was completed to Corinne, Utah Territory.
May 9, 1869 — Construction was completed to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory.
(Dates taken from Ames, pages 235, 295, and 336; and from Extra 2200 South, Issue 103 [pages marked as issue 101], April-May-June 1994, page 16)
May 11, 1869 — Operation began between Omaha and the connection with Central Pacific Railway at Promontory, Utah Territory.
November 6, 1869 — Construction formally completed, 1038.40 miles, Omaha to a point five miles west of Ogden, Utah.
March 22, 1872 — Mainline extended 4.01 miles east from Omaha to Council Bluffs, Iowa, total of 1042.41 miles; final total mileage including side tracks and yard tracks as of March 22, 1872 was set at 1089.89 miles.
February 1874 — Following a financial panic among investors in the East, and after fighting government regulators who wanted Union Pacific to start paying its debt, a New York financier by the name of Jay Gould took control of Union Pacific in its weakened state. Gould set about consolidating his interests to control both the transcontinental traffic as well and Utah and Colorado mining traffic.
May 31, 1875 — News was announced that Jay Gould had signed traffic agreements to consolidate freight, passenger and express business on Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific, and operate the two roads as a single route. (New York Times, May 31, 1875) Disagreements and difficulties started between the controlling groups right away.
March 1, 1879 — Colorado Central Railroad was leased to Union Pacific Railroad for 50 years. (Klein, page 397)
March 7, 1879 — Jay Gould and his investor associates agreed to purchase controlling interest in the Kansas Pacific Railway, which had been in receivership since November 1876. (New York Times, March 7, 1879) The KP receivership was caused by Gould when he sued for dividends due on the 35,000 shares that he owned. The control took the form of Gould making a deal with the road's bondholders to settle all their claims and guarantee payment on the bonds. (New York Times, March 9, 1879) This action came after Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific had tried several times since 1875 when Gould had controlled UP, to reach agreeable terms for rate and traffic sharing.
May 13, 1879 — Kansas Pacific formally reorganized and removed from receivership. (New York Times, May 13, 1879; January 20, 1880)
January 24, 1880 — Union Pacific Railroad was consolidated with Kansas Pacific Railway and Denver Pacific Railway on January 24, 1880 to form the Union Pacific Railway. Jay Gould controlled all three railroads.
February 1880 — Jay Gould sold his controlling interest in Union Pacific, but retained a very large amount of stock interest in the company. (Klein, page 406)
January 1, 1882 — Operation of the Colorado Central Julesburg Branch began across northeastern Colorado from Julesburg to La Salle, where the line connected with Denver Pacific Railway (completed in 1870 and controlled by Union Pacific after January 1880). Controlled and operated by Union Pacific as the Julesburg District (or Julesburg Division), using locomotives UPRy had sold to Colorado Central.
October 13, 1893 — Union Pacific Railway declared bankruptcy and was turned over to an independent receiver. (click here for more about the Panic of 1893)
***
This work is copyright 2000-2011 by Don Strack, but licensed under a Creative Commons License. ... "
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
and wow - great photos here at the California State Railroad Museum Library (not Union Pacific - should be in a separate posting - meh - too lazy : )
http://csrrm.crewnoble.com/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?BU=http%3A%2F%2Fcsrrm.crewnoble.com%2FSearchPullmanAll_Images.htm&QF0=ImageName&QI0=*&MR=30&TN=Pullman&RF=WebDisplay&AC=QBE_QUERY
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Keywords specific to these images: Union Pacific, Railroad, Kenneth Willmarth Sr., Vintage Advertising, Fictional Characters, Historic Figures, Frontier Explorers, Horseback Riding, Mountains, Trail Riding, Alternative Transportation, Train Travel, Famous Figures
California
Colorado
Idaho
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
more (will edit as I find them)
~~~~~~~~~~
California:
"... The gold in the earth lured the Forty Niners to California. Today, the golden sunshine ... "
closeup:
another closeup and signature, lower right corner - can barely make out the signature "Willmarth"
closeup of the words in the ad:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Colorado
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Idaho
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Kansas
~~~~~~~
Montana:
"... The rails of Union Pacific the strategic middle route ...
artist signature is in the lower right corner
closeup of words in the ad:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Nebraska
~~~~~~~
Utah
"... All America is, today, particularly thankful that Utah was endowed with fertile soil ... "
~~~~~~~~
Washington:
artist name in lower right corner "Willmarth"
which is Kenneth Willmarth, Sr artwork
~~~~~~~~~
Wyoming:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
some info on some of Kenneth Willmarth, Sr's artwork displayed is at the following website (go about 1/3 down .pdf page )
http://www.joslyn.org/Post/sections/167/Files/Joslyn%20Art%20Museum%202005%20Annual%20Report.pdf
" ... works by Kenneth Willmarth, Sr. and Kenneth
Willmarth, Jr. lent:
Four illustrations from a 1946-47 Union Pacific Railroad
advertising campaign titled Your America, Gift of the Union
Pacific Railroad (1947.439.2, .6, .7 and .9)
..."
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Another great site, FULL of information is at:
http://utahrails.net/up/up-timeline-1864-1880.php
"... Union Pacific Timeline, 1864-1880
Compiled by Don Strack
This page was last updated on April 21, 2011.
(This is a work in progress; research continues.)
Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad (UP) operated all UP lines in Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming, and into Ogden in northern Utah. UP was incorporated in July 1897 as a reorganization of Union Pacific Railway, which was in receivership since 1893. Union Pacific Railway (UPRy) had been incorporated in January 1880 as a consolidation of the original Union Pacific Rail Road (UPRR) (chartered-in-1862), the Kansas Pacific Railway, and the Denver Pacific Railway & Telegraph Co. Union Pacific connected with Central Pacific in May 1869 at Promontory, Utah. UP lines in Kansas and Colorado were purchased from predecessor companies.
(click here to return to the Union Pacific Corporate History page)
Timeline
July 1, 1862 — Union Pacific Railroad was incorporated by an act of the U. S. Congress.
September 2, 1862 — The "Board of Commissioners of the Union Pacific Railroad and Telegraph Company" met in Chicago to organize the company and choose its officers.
October 30, 1863 — The company was formally organized in New York City at the first meeting of its Board of Directors and officers.
December 12, 1863 — Ground was broken at Omaha, Nebraska Territory.
March 1864 — Grading started at Omaha.
July 2, 1864 — Limits of the company changed by an amendment to the original act.
August 1864 — Herbert M. Hoxie was awarded the first construction contract; numerous delays due to incompetence, corruption and lack of funds.
September 1864 — Without construction having begun, the first five UPRR locomotives were delivered in August and September 1864; two were sold by the end of 1864 as surplus; the remaining three were sold to the construction contractor and re-purchased in 1867 at an inflated price as part of the Credit Mobilier scandal.
July 10, 1865 — First rail was laid, at Omaha. (Klein, page 65)
Mid July 1865 — The first locomotive was operated on Union Pacific. (Condensed History of the Construction of the Union Pacific Railway, by Joseph Nichols, 1892, pages 81-82; Google Books)
(Research in Omaha newspapers will better indentify the first day of operation.)
September 1865 — A newspaper item dated September 22, 1865 showed that there were four locomotives being used by Union Pacific, along with "30 platform cars, 4 or 5 box freight cars, several passenger cars,..." (The Illustrated History of Nebraska, 1906, page 107, Google Books)
November 18, 1865 — One hundred miles graded and 28 miles of rail laid. (Klein, page 70)
December 31, 1865 — Construction was completed to Fremont, Nebraska.
January 27, 1866 — The construction bonds for the first 40 miles were issued by the government, allowing UPRR to sell the bonds to private investors.
February 1866 — To speed construction G. M. Dodge was named Chief Engineer and the Casement Brothers were named as tracklaying contractor.
June 2, 1866 — Construction was completed to Columbus, Nebraska.
July 8, 1866 — Construction was completed to Grand Island, Nebraska Territory. (Condensed History of the Construction of the Union Pacific Railway, by Joseph Nichols, 1892, page 121; Google Books)
October 5, 1866 — Construction was completed to the 100th Meridian; a sign was erected at what was known as the symbolic beginning of the West by stating "100th MERIDIAN. 247 MILES FROM OMAHA"; the site is just west of today's Cozad, Nebraska, a town on U. S. Highway 30 and a station on the Union Pacific, as well as being a stop on the Pony Express.
(Cozad was shown as milepost 238.2 in 1948; the 1981 Union Pacific track profile shows the 100th Meridian at milepost 238.29)
December 3, 1866 — Construction was completed 49 miles from the 100th Meridan to North Platte, Nebraska Territory (shown as milepost 284.1 in 1948); an additional 14 miles was completed to O'Fallons by year's end.
1866 — A total of nine locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1866; six as named locomotives in March through August, and three as numbered locomotives in August through October
1867 — A total of 37 locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1867.
1868 — A total of 75 locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1868.
1869 — A total of 22 locomotives were delivered to UPRR during 1869.
April 1867 to May 1869 — Union Pacific construction and tracklaying crews completed 800 miles of track across Nebraska, Wyoming and Utah.
1867-1869 Construction Milestones
April 1, 1867 — Construction resumed west from O'Fallons, Nebraska (Nebraska Territory became the State of Nebraska on March 1, 1867).
May 24, 1867 — Construction was completed to Ogallala, Nebraska.
June 24, 1867 — Construction was completed to Juleburg, Colorado.
August 29, 1867 — Construction was completed to Kimball, Nebraska.
November 18, 1867 — Construction was completed to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory (shown as milepost 509.5 in 1948)
April 5, 1868 — Construction was completed to Sherman Summit, Wyoming Territory.
June 7, 1868 — Construction was completed to Laramie, Wyoming Territory.
July 21, 1868 — Construction was completed to Fort Steele, Wyoming Territory.
September 18, 1868 — Construction was completed to Point of Rocks, Wyoming, Territory.
October 1, 1868 — Construction was completed to Green River, Wyoming Territory.
October 20, 1868 — Construction was completed to Granger, Wyoming Territory.
December 4, 1868 — Construction was completed to Evanston, Wyoming Territory.
December 10, 1868 — Construction was completed to Wahsatch, Utah Territory.
January 15, 1869 — Construction was completed to Echo City, Utah Territory.
January 21, 1869 — Construction was completed to Tunnels 3 and 4 in Weber Canyon; a temporary track was laid around tunnel 4 until its completion in April.
February 21, 1869 — Construction was completed to Devil's Gate, Utah Territory.
March 8, 1869 — Construction was completed to Ogden, Utah Territory.
March 27, 1869 — Construction was completed to Corinne, Utah Territory.
May 9, 1869 — Construction was completed to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory.
(Dates taken from Ames, pages 235, 295, and 336; and from Extra 2200 South, Issue 103 [pages marked as issue 101], April-May-June 1994, page 16)
May 11, 1869 — Operation began between Omaha and the connection with Central Pacific Railway at Promontory, Utah Territory.
November 6, 1869 — Construction formally completed, 1038.40 miles, Omaha to a point five miles west of Ogden, Utah.
March 22, 1872 — Mainline extended 4.01 miles east from Omaha to Council Bluffs, Iowa, total of 1042.41 miles; final total mileage including side tracks and yard tracks as of March 22, 1872 was set at 1089.89 miles.
February 1874 — Following a financial panic among investors in the East, and after fighting government regulators who wanted Union Pacific to start paying its debt, a New York financier by the name of Jay Gould took control of Union Pacific in its weakened state. Gould set about consolidating his interests to control both the transcontinental traffic as well and Utah and Colorado mining traffic.
May 31, 1875 — News was announced that Jay Gould had signed traffic agreements to consolidate freight, passenger and express business on Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific, and operate the two roads as a single route. (New York Times, May 31, 1875) Disagreements and difficulties started between the controlling groups right away.
March 1, 1879 — Colorado Central Railroad was leased to Union Pacific Railroad for 50 years. (Klein, page 397)
March 7, 1879 — Jay Gould and his investor associates agreed to purchase controlling interest in the Kansas Pacific Railway, which had been in receivership since November 1876. (New York Times, March 7, 1879) The KP receivership was caused by Gould when he sued for dividends due on the 35,000 shares that he owned. The control took the form of Gould making a deal with the road's bondholders to settle all their claims and guarantee payment on the bonds. (New York Times, March 9, 1879) This action came after Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific had tried several times since 1875 when Gould had controlled UP, to reach agreeable terms for rate and traffic sharing.
May 13, 1879 — Kansas Pacific formally reorganized and removed from receivership. (New York Times, May 13, 1879; January 20, 1880)
January 24, 1880 — Union Pacific Railroad was consolidated with Kansas Pacific Railway and Denver Pacific Railway on January 24, 1880 to form the Union Pacific Railway. Jay Gould controlled all three railroads.
February 1880 — Jay Gould sold his controlling interest in Union Pacific, but retained a very large amount of stock interest in the company. (Klein, page 406)
January 1, 1882 — Operation of the Colorado Central Julesburg Branch began across northeastern Colorado from Julesburg to La Salle, where the line connected with Denver Pacific Railway (completed in 1870 and controlled by Union Pacific after January 1880). Controlled and operated by Union Pacific as the Julesburg District (or Julesburg Division), using locomotives UPRy had sold to Colorado Central.
October 13, 1893 — Union Pacific Railway declared bankruptcy and was turned over to an independent receiver. (click here for more about the Panic of 1893)
***
This work is copyright 2000-2011 by Don Strack, but licensed under a Creative Commons License. ... "
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
and wow - great photos here at the California State Railroad Museum Library (not Union Pacific - should be in a separate posting - meh - too lazy : )
http://csrrm.crewnoble.com/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?BU=http%3A%2F%2Fcsrrm.crewnoble.com%2FSearchPullmanAll_Images.htm&QF0=ImageName&QI0=*&MR=30&TN=Pullman&RF=WebDisplay&AC=QBE_QUERY
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Keywords specific to these images: Union Pacific, Railroad, Kenneth Willmarth Sr., Vintage Advertising, Fictional Characters, Historic Figures, Frontier Explorers, Horseback Riding, Mountains, Trail Riding, Alternative Transportation, Train Travel, Famous Figures
Monday, October 24, 2011
Saturday, October 22, 2011
Tuesday, October 11, 2011
John Grossman Collection . com
http://www.johngrossmancollection.com/id2.html
"... John Grossman was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1932. He taught himself to draw by copying Buck Rogers comics and science fiction pulp magazine illustrations...
... John is the co-author of A Victorian Scrapbook, Joy to the World, A Victorian Christmas, Forget-Me-Nots, Parlor Cats, Nonsense and Common Sense, and We Wish You A Merry Christmas, published by Workman Publishing, all of which featured extensive imagery from The Collection. Three antique mechanical children’s books in The Collection were reproduced by Philomel Books: Christmas Surprises, Hide-and-Seek and Playtime Delights.... "
"... John Grossman was born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1932. He taught himself to draw by copying Buck Rogers comics and science fiction pulp magazine illustrations...
... John is the co-author of A Victorian Scrapbook, Joy to the World, A Victorian Christmas, Forget-Me-Nots, Parlor Cats, Nonsense and Common Sense, and We Wish You A Merry Christmas, published by Workman Publishing, all of which featured extensive imagery from The Collection. Three antique mechanical children’s books in The Collection were reproduced by Philomel Books: Christmas Surprises, Hide-and-Seek and Playtime Delights.... "
Monday, October 10, 2011
Thursday, October 6, 2011
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
Sunday, October 2, 2011
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Tuesday, September 27, 2011
Friday, September 23, 2011
Friday, September 2, 2011
Wednesday, August 31, 2011
Tuesday, August 23, 2011
8.23.11 ... I was born in a log cabin ... (oh, sorry that was Abe's story)
just getting this address saved for later .. ; )
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